Time Line
| Time Line: Political events during The Reformation in Europe 1493-1621.
This is only a snapshot of a hugely busy period throughout Europe and beyond. If copying/printing off do so in landscape. |
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| Holy Roman Empire | Papacy & Italian states. |
France | Spain | Year | Portugal | Netherlands | Austria (HRE) |
Turkey |
Hungary | |
| Maximilian of Austria (and Netherlands) Emperor. | 1493 | Philip son of Emperor Maxmilian governor. | ||||||||
| Italy invaded by France | 1494 | |||||||||
| League of the Empire. Milan and Venice taken from France. | War with HRE in Italy. | Treaty of Tordesillias Spain & Portugal agree to divide unexplored world. | 1495 | |||||||
| Hapsburg Spanish marriages | 1496 | Commercial treaty with England. | ||||||||
| Creation of Aulic Council | 1497 | |||||||||
| Charles VIII invades Italy, seizes Florence.
Savonarola executed. |
1498 | Take Lepanto from Venice | ||||||||
| French invade take Milan. | Louis XII invades Milan | 1499 | ||||||||
| Charles V born | Sicily reunited. | 1500 | Emanuel I 1495-1521
Vasco de Gama discovers India. |
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| Naples taken by France and Spain who then fight one another. | 1501 | |||||||||
| Moors expelled from Spain. | 1502 | Peace with Venice | ||||||||
| Julius II – 1513 | 1503 | |||||||||
| Treaty of Blois. Milan to France. | Treaty of Blois, receives Milan. | 1504 | ||||||||
| 1505 | Viceroy in Ceylon | |||||||||
| 1506 | Charles (V) succeeds father Philip. Mother regent. | |||||||||
| 1507 | Guelderland invades Holland and Brabant. | |||||||||
| War with HRE | Ferdinand V in League with France and Empire vs France | 1508 | ||||||||
| Joins League of Cambrai | 1509 | |||||||||
| 1510 | Take Goa | |||||||||
| Holy League against France | 1511 | |||||||||
| Empire divided into Ten admin.Circles. | Julius II annexes Piacenza and Parma.
5th Lateran Council |
1512 | Subdue Moldavia | |||||||
| Leo X – 1521 | Alliance with Venice, defeated by Swiss and driven from Italy. 1514. | 1513 | ||||||||
| 1514 | Rule Malaya | Battle of Chaldiran Start of wars with Persia. | ||||||||
| Francis I King. | 1515 | Defeat Persians. Conquer Azerbaijan an Kurdistan | ||||||||
| Luther`s Theses. at Wittenberg | Sale of Indulgences an issue. | Charles I king. | 1517 | Subjugates Palestine and Syria | ||||||
| Charles V ( I of Spain) Emperor | Charles I becomes Emperor. | 1519 | ||||||||
| Field of the Cloth of Gold | 1520 | Soliman the Magnificent height of powers. | ||||||||
| Diet of Worms | Joins Emperor vs France. | 1521 | ||||||||
| Clement VII. – 1534 | 1523 | |||||||||
| Peasants War – Germany | 1524 | |||||||||
| Francis I captured at Pavia. (Italy). | 1525 | |||||||||
| Holy League of Cognac. vs Emperor. | Gives up claims in Italy and Flanders | Treaty of Madrid | 1526 | Battle of Mohacs,Turk victory ends Hungarian independence. | John Zapolya King of Magyars. | |||||
| Invaded. Rome sacked. | 1527 | |||||||||
| Protest at Speyers. | Treaty of Barcelona with Emperor. | Siege of Vienna by Turks. | 1529 | Treaty of Gorichen between Emporer and Egmont of Guelderland. | Besieges Vienna | |||||
| Charles V crowned Emperor at Bologna. | Peace of Cambrai, France relinquishes Italy to Spain. | 1530 | ||||||||
| 1532 | Marches vs Charles V,2nd invasion Vienna | |||||||||
| 1533 | Peace with Turkey | Peace with Austria. | Hungary divided with Ferdinand I and Zapolya | |||||||
| Henry VIII breaks with Rome.
Jesuits founded. |
Protestants night of the placards. 24 October. | 1534 | Takes Baghdad. | |||||||
| Conquers Tunis.; takes Milan. | Alliance with Turks vs Charles V. | 1535 | Treaty with France Strong sea power | |||||||
| Savoy and Turin. taken. | 1536 | |||||||||
| Genoa and Venice unite vs Turks. | 1538 | Barbarossa naval victory ar Actium, Venice surrenders. | ||||||||
| 1540 | Revolt of Ghent suppressed. | Soliman supportd Hungary vs ferdinand defeats him. | Zapoyla dies.son John Sigismund ruler. | |||||||
| Inquisition and censorship of printing established in Rome. | 1542 | Discovery of japan. | Alliance with France vs Charles V | |||||||
| War with France in Netherlands | 1543 | France and Empire fighting. | ||||||||
| Council of Trent 1545- 63 | 1545 | |||||||||
| League with Paul III. | 1546 | |||||||||
| 1547 | Inquisition established. | 5 year truce | Turkish Hungary formed.Sigismund Prince of transylvania. | |||||||
| 1548 | 1548-53 war with Ferdinand. | |||||||||
| Julius III – 1555 | 1550 | |||||||||
| Maurice of Saxony declares for Protestants. | Treaty Chambord15 Jan. Supports Lutheran princes. | 1552 | ||||||||
| Philip marries Mary Tudor | 1554 | |||||||||
| Peace of Augsburg.allows Lutheranism in Germany. Charles V abdicates favour or brother Ferdinand I | Induces Henry IV to secede from Spanish alliance. | Split with Spain | Philip receives sovereignty of Spain. | 1555 | ||||||
| War in Italy vs Spain until 1567.
Paul IV – 1559. |
War with Papacy in Italy. | 1556 | ||||||||
| Alva at Rome | Edict of Compiegne , July, vs Calvinists. | Spain dominant in Italy | 1557 | |||||||
| French retake Calais. 8 Jan. | Mary QoS married Dauohin Francis 24 April. | 1558 | ||||||||
| Peace of Cateau Cambresis;
City states divided up. Pius IV – 1565 |
Peace with England and Spain | Peace with England and France. | 1559 | |||||||
| Colloquy of Poissy. | 1561 | |||||||||
| Peace of Prague with Turks | First War of religion; on/off till 1598 | 1562 | Peace with Austria | |||||||
| Council Trent closed – | Peace of Amboise | 1563 | ||||||||
| Maxmilian Emperor | Papal Bull breach with Reformers. | 1564 | ||||||||
| 1565 | Invade Malta | |||||||||
| Pius V– 1572 Missions to Far East and America | 1566 | Icinoclastic violence. Philip of Spain exacts revenge on Flemish Protestants. Inquisition established | Aegean Islands conquered. | Turkey invades. Soliman killed. | ||||||
| 1567 | Revolt quelled by Alva | |||||||||
| Peace with Turkey. | 1568 | Military despotism under Alva. | Peace with Austria | |||||||
| 1569 | Astrakhan attacked; loss. Conflict with Russia. | |||||||||
| Venice war with Turks | Treaty of St Germaine 8 Aug. | 1570 | War with Venice.; take Cyprus | |||||||
| Holy League Spain Rome and venice against Turks Naval victory Lepanto. | Holy League against Turks | 1571 | War with Holy League. s. | |||||||
| Gregory XIII – 1585. | St Bartholomew Day massacre 24 August. | 1572 | `Sea beggars` take Flushing and Brill
Revolt in north. Huegenot army from France decimated 17 July.. |
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| Venice makes peace with Turks | 1573 | Alva recalled,
Siege of Haarlem |
Austria takes Tunis. | Peace with Venice. Keep Cyprus | ||||||
| French leave Piedmont | Spain leaves Piedmont | 1574 | Siege of Leyden. university founded. |
Retakes Tunis, ravage Sicily. Moldavia overrun. Murad III |
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| 1575 | Union of Holland and Zealand under William of Orange. | |||||||||
| Rudolph II Emperor | Plague in Italy
Calvinist preachers expelled Palatinate. |
Peace of beaulieu 6 May.
Catholic League formed by Guise family |
Sack Antwerp | 1576 | Antwerp sacked , Don John of Austria governor. Pacification of Ghent.. | Restriction on Austrian Protestants | ||||
| Sixth Religious War., massacre at La Charite sur Loire.
Peace of Bergerac. |
1577 | |||||||||
| 1578 | Attacks Morocco
Henry I king. |
Spanish rule in south. | Portugal attacks. Turko – Persian War to 1590. | |||||||
| Union of Utrecht. | 1579 | Walloon provinces reconciled to Spain. North forms Republic. Union of Utrecht founds Dutch Republic. | Grand Vizier Sokolli dies; decline of Turkish Empire begins. | |||||||
| Huguenots of Montauban revolt. |
1580 | Philip II of Spain invades, becomes King. | Capitulates to Britain,and Fance.in 1581. | |||||||
| 1581 | 1581-1640 under control of Spain. | States General depose Philip. | ||||||||
| Gregorian Calendar introduced. | 1582 | |||||||||
| Ernst Bohemia Elector Cologne.Prohibits Ptotestantism. | Alencon,youngest son of Catherine de Medici died 10 June. | 1584 | Maurice of Nassau Stadtholder. | |||||||
| Holy League with Spain and France
Sixtus V – 1590 |
Holy League
Treaty of Nemours 7 July. |
Holy League | 1585 | Fall of Antwerp. | ||||||
| Catholic outrage at exec Mary QoS ,18 Feb. | Philip enlists French help – ports and supplies for Armada | 1587 | ||||||||
| Duke d de Guise ,Cardinal de Bourbon murdered, Dec 23-24. | Spanish Armada defeated.by English. | 1588 | ||||||||
| Henry III and Navarre allies Henry assassinated 2 August.. | 1589 | English invade. | ||||||||
| 1590 | Army reorganised..
Maurice takes Breda. |
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| 1591 | Peasant unrest | Invades Hungary | ||||||||
| Clement VIII – 1605 | 1592 | |||||||||
| War with Turkey -1606. | Henry IV becomes Catholic. again. 23 july. | 1593 | War with Turkey | War with Austria | ||||||
| Assistance for war vs Turks witheld by Protestant princes. | 1594 | Revolt in Wallachia, Transylvania , Moldavia. Turks massacred. | ||||||||
| 1595 | ||||||||||
| Alliance with Netherlands and England | 1596 | Sack of Cadiz | Alliance with France and England | |||||||
| Clement claims estate of dec. Duke of Ferrara | 1597 | Catholic ascendancy Austria. | ||||||||
| Edict of Nantes.
Protestants liberty of worship. End of religious wars. |
Philip III 1598-1621 | 1598 | Philip cedes Netherlands to Austria | |||||||
| Second Armada beaten back by storms. | 1599 | |||||||||
| 1600 | Maurice takes Nieupoort | |||||||||
| Treaty of Lyons gain Burgundian possessions. | 1601 | Maurice takes Sluys. Ostend besieged by Austrians. | ||||||||
| Edict of banishment on Protestants in Bohemia | 1602 | Dutch East India Co founded. | ||||||||
| Peace with England. | 1604 | Spinola takes Ostend. | ||||||||
| Catholic revival. | Paul V – 1625; Venice acknowledges superiority. | Catholic revival | 1605 | |||||||
| 1606 | Peace with Austria | |||||||||
| 1607 | Defeat Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. | |||||||||
| Diet of Regensburg. Protestant Union formed. | 1608 | Hague Congress | ||||||||
| Catholic League under Duke of Bavaria | Twelve Year Truce with Nehterlands | 1609 | Twelve Year Truce with Spain who recognise Holland`s independence. | |||||||
| Henry IV assassinated. | 1610 | Internal religious and political troubles. | ||||||||
| Savoy war with Spain | War with Savoy | 1613 | ||||||||
| Thirty Years War begins. | 1618 | National Synod at Dordrecht. | ||||||||
| Gregory XV | War with Holland. | 1621 | War with Spain | |||||||