John Livingstone
Rev John Livingston
The stories of the Covenanters and the bloody Killing Time understandably focus on the western shires of Scotland but it must be remembered that there were Covenanters in other less glamorous parts. Such was John Livingston of Ancrum in the Border country with England. Here too the persecutors caused the removal of a gentle man from his ministry in October 1662.
John Livingston was born in Kilsyth in 1603, the son of William and Agnes Livingstone, minister at Kilsyth and later in Lanark. One of seven children the young John was raised in an environment of piety and meekness on his mother`s side and his father a zealous worker for the Reformation. As a schoolboy in Sterling he was a member of the church, although his early inclination was to be a doctor.. His parents were kind and generous and enjoyed giving hospitality to Christians visiting the area, so he was able to meet many notable men and women of the time. His mother, however, died when he was fourteen, and she only thirty two. He continued his education at Glasgow College ( as the University was called ) graduating in 1621 and in 1625 turned to the ministry – where he soon encountered persecution. For a while he stayed with his father and making visits to preach when he was asked. In April 1626 Lord Kenmuir in Galloway sought him to take the parish of Anwoth, but he did not do so nor was he successful in a call to Torpichen the following year. He then accepted invitations to preach in Lanark, Irvine, and Newmilns
1630 seems to have been a year of change and the turning point for John Livingstone. In June 1630 he was asked to step in at short notice for a preacher at Kirk o Shotts which he reluctantly did. On 30 June the virtually unknown young man stood on a gravestone and began his preaching. As he approached its end the Heavens opened and there was a downpour which threatened to break up the meeting. But such was Livingston`s powerful presence that the assembled crowd stood a further hour as he used the conditions to demonstrate the despair and horror of fire and brimstone in God`s judgment upon them. It is said that over five hundred people felt a change in their attitudes as a result of the Kirk O`Shotts revival.
A youthful and able speaker, although diffident about his abilities, he was sought by several congregations to be their minister but in the five years to 1630 he found none as on each occasion his way was blocked by the Bishops. His first parish was an Irish one, at Killinchy, County Down This came about through a meeting in Irvine, Ayrshire with the Rev Robert Cunningham of Holywood, near Belfast and earlier with the Rev George Dunbar of Larne ( formerly of Ayr and a prisoner at Blackness for a while ). Both had enquired if he would be interested in going to Ireland and he had indicated on both occasions he would go if he received a clear call and free entry.
About August 1630 he received an invitation from Viscount Claneboy to go to Killinchy in Ulster to join the growing band of Presbyterian ministers there. At Killinchy he was well received by the congregation and had to be ordained. To achieve this he went with letters to the Rev Andrew Knox, Bishop of Raphoe who well knew what was required and after discussion gave Livingston a book of ordination with instruction to mark that to which he objected. The price sought for ordination was that he should preach at Ramallen where they got but few sermons. He found that the book had already been marked and did not have to do it himself, thus with his conscience clear, he submitted to the Rev Robert Cunninham and some other ministers to ` imposition of the hands ` and ordination for the ministry at Killinchy.
Persecution, however, soon came upon him through the vindictiveness of the Irish Bishops. With Robert Blair he was suspended by the Bishop of Down for nonconformity. They were eventually allowed to return to their ministry in 1632 following intervention with the King by Lord Castlestuart. In November 1635 he again fell foul of the Bishops and was again suspended then excommunicated.
With this ongoing persecution of the Presbyterians and no early solution in sight John Livingston was instrumental in negotiations with landowners – the Clotworthy family especially, and John Winthrop, son of the Governor of Massachusetts concerning a plan to emigrate. From the plan came the building of the ship the “ Eaglewing “ and the attempt by some 140 brave souls to seek their promised land in 1636. Unfortunately for them they were forced to return by bad weather and John Livingston was returned to the Covenanting fold but not before baptising a child born on the return trip to Michael Coltheard and his wife, naming him Seaborn. – reminiscent of the child Oceanus Hopkins born on board the Mayflower. in that epic voyage in 1620.
For some time Livingston continued to discharge his duties privately, residing at the home of his mother in law, Mrs Stevenson who owned the iron furnace at Malone, twelve miles from Kilinchy where he continued to preach almost every Sabbath. However, a warrant was issued for his arrest and he retired to Irvine on the Ayrshire coast., from where he went to Edinburgh. In March 1638 he went to London but the King had apparently heard he was there and he again had to retreat and return to Scotland by a circuitous route to avoid any pursuers. On 5 July 1638 he was admitted as the minister at Stranraer . While here its is recorded, that large numbers of people came from Ireland to take Communion from him, on one occasion there was present in excess of 500 people from Co Down.
He had his home at Stranraer for ten years before he was sent at the order of the General Assembly to spend fourteen years at Ancrum in Teviotdale. He found the work at Ancrum hard going having to contend with an ignorant and loose living peoples and it was some time before there were sufficient to take Communion. During this time Livingston became a regular representative of the Church and was among those sent to treat with King Charles at Breda in Holland in 1650 for the security and liberty of religion. It was not a task he enjoyed as his was a method of ` moderation and sweet reasonableness ` often considering that his colleaques at times meddled too much in government, or kept too many meetings that rendered wider the Church`s divisions. Livingston, who distrusted the King anyway, had his fears confirmed with observation of the King still using the Service Book and leading a dissolute life.
Somewhat diffident of his own abilities, Livingstone was nevertheless a very able scholar with a passion for books. He knew Hebrew and Chaldee with some Syrian; he was familiar with French, Italian, Dutch and read the Bible in Spanish and German, although he was forestalled for a while in his desire to learn Arabic by its sheer complexity. What such a linguist might be able to charge for his services in the modern world one can only guess Livingston had other hidden talents. As a young man he had a melodious voice and enjoyed singing and was often summoned by the Principal John Boyd when a student at Glasgow to sing ` setts of musick `. In later years he did not sing much, neither did he partake often of another pleasure – that of hunting.
Although appointed to attend on Cromwell in London during 1654 , and latterly on the army, he did so reluctantly and was glad to return to Ancrum and his parishioners. When King Charles II was restored to the throne in 1660 he foresaw that trouble lay ahead and in 1662 it duly happened. A proclamation was issued ordering all ministers from 1649 who had not celebrated the holiday of 29 May ( to celebrate the King`s birthday and Restoration ) to acknowledge the prelates or be removed from their posts. He left Ancrum and lingered for a while in Edinburgh where he learnt that a summons to appear before the Council would probably result in banishment ( rather than execution ) and he appeared before them on 1 st December 1662. He declined to take oaths and was sentenced to remove immediately to the north side of the Tay and to leave the Kingdom entirely within two months. On 9 April 1663 he set sail for Rotterdam.
In the years of his banishment he remained very active and on many occasions preached to the Scottish congregation in Rotterdam. He was joined by his wife and two children in the December leaving five children behind. He was asked three times by the General Assembly to write the history of the Church of Scotland since the Reformation of 1638 but declined to do so Instead he set himself the task of revising the Latin version of the Old Testament, comparing it throughout with the Hebrew version. He intended to publish it with parallel columns in the two texts but circumstances prevented it although as a scholar he had pleasure in the task.
He was probably seen at his best in two places; firstly in Killinchy where incredibly
his stipend was a mere £4 a year yet there was always a happy welcome for all. . He had married in 1635 Janet the eldest daughter of Bartholomew Fleming, an Edinburgh merchant . She was a great support to him through the lean years and the later troubles. Indeed, after he was gone, she was the leader of a group of women who in 1674 made representations to the Earl of Rothes for fair treatment of ministers which resulted in her banishment from Edinburgh for a while.
The other place where Livingston was at his best was in the pulpit. Diffident as ever about his abilities his practice was to make short notes beforehand and to enlarge upon them when the time came. He sought balance in his sermons and at times indulged in a ` childish rudimentary ` as he described it , aware not to be too clever nor to omit the telling saying or word picture that summed up his point. Throughout his sermons he was said to have
` the eloquence of the spirit and a throbbing affection for the Heavenly Lord and the souls of men.`
From about 1664 he suffered continuously with a bladder problem , he could not walk far and had shaking hands that made writing difficult. It was perhaps a blessed release when and on 9 August 1672 he died in exile leaving us his solemn declaration:
“ I die in the Faith that the truths of God, which he hath helped the Church of Scotland to own, shall be owned by him as truths, so long as the sun and moon endure “.
