edbhwar – The Reformation
Edinburgh Castle – a Legacy
and a Memorial
St Michael, carving suspended from the roof.
Most people of Scottish origin will have seen the towering edifice of Edinburgh Castle either in photographs, travel magazines when planning the trip to the ancestral home or on film or television when the Edinburgh Tattoo is taking place. But it is not only a legacy from turbulent times but also the site of the Scottish National War
Memorial
The origin of the castle goes back to Edwin, the seventh century king of Northumbria who probably had a fortress on the rock. Malcolm III of Scotland erected a wooden fort on the rock in the 11th century and later kings built stone walls with inner buildings. Several times the castle was held by the English, Edward I used a form of the Roman ballista or catapult to hurl rocks at the walls and seized it in 1296. In 1313 it was taken by a party of 30 Scots who scaled the walls and caught the guard by surprise. While Robert the Bruce dismantled it only for Edward III of England to rebuild it in 1337. The castle has been the scene for many a gruesome event and also of daring. In 1440 the young Earl of Douglas and his brother were lured there for a banquet and were seized and beheaded. Some fifty years later the Duke of Albany escaped over the battlements using a knotted rope – he must have been a brave man, and probably desperate, as it
is an awful long way straight down !.
It was here that Mary Queen of Scots gave birth to the future King James VI (James the First of England ) on 19 June 1566. She is alleged to have said `This is the son who shall first unite the two kingdoms of Scotland and England ` – her wish came true in 1603. The castle was the scene for a desperate defence by British soldiers when the Jacobite rebels seized Edinburgh in 1745. Within the castle walls there are today several important buildings including the Great Hall with its collection of weapons and armour. The Honours of Scotland as they are called – the Crown, Sceptre and Sword of State together with the Stone of Scone are in the Crown Room. And, of course, there is the famous One o`clock Gun which is fired every day except Sunday at precisely
1.00 pm.
With such a history it is little wonder that the Castle was used for military purposes until the end of the First World War. But even before the Armistice was signed it had been decided that the castle would not be needed for a large body of troops after the war. In July 1919 the recommendation was made that there should be a dedicated shrine on the
Castle
Rock although it was not until 1924 that the work got under way. A great deal of planning went into the project and old materials from demolished buildings were combined with the best of Scottish arts and crafts to create what is undeniably a worthy memorial to some 100,000 Scots who perished in
the Great War.
Mere words cannot describe the quality of the workmanship that went into the structure, the sculptured stoneworks, the stained glass windows, nor a magnificent bronze frieze. There are two essentially different parts to the Memorial – the Hall of Honour which is a focus for record and remembrance; and, the Shrine which is for the more personal prayer and remembrance of loved ones.
Each has its own quite unique features.
The Shrine contains the Casket, made by Thomas Hadden and donated by their Majesties King George V and Queen Mary, is set upon the bare rock tip that is the castle foundation. In the Casket are the Rolls of Honour of the regiments. Overlooking all, carved in Scottish oak and suspended from the ceiling is a magnificent figure of the Archangel St Michael stern of face, representing Righteousness overcoming Wrong. The artwork and design of the Casket is magnificent but pride of place must be the bronze frieze than runs round the shrine. Designed by Morris and Alice Meredith Williams, it contains some sixty representations of the men and women of all ranks and
services who served in the Great War.
There are seven stained glass windows which together portray in three groups :- the birth of War on the west wall; the overthrow of War in the east wall and Peace, Thanksgiving and Praise to God in the northerly windows. Around
the walls
beneath the windows there is the stunning bronze frieze which depicts the various types of Scottish soldiers, sailors, airmen, nurses in their battle dress as they lived and died. All Scotch regiments and services in which they served are depicted, and even the animals – the elephants, horses, dogs, canaries used in tunnelling safety checks, and carrier pigeons have not been forgotten. Enlarged images of the frieze are
here. Frieze1
Frieze2
Frieze3.
The Hall of Honour also has eight beautiful stained glass windows but they are more of the functional kind. They are of paler glass and include the memorials to the Navy and Air Force, the war at Home, as well as the Four Seasons. The long walls of the Hall are pillared and separated into small sanctuaries dedicated to particular regiments. Each is similar yet with an emphasis that is special to those whose memory it
preserves. There are two bays where are commemorated amongst others the Padres, the Womens` Services, the Mercantile Marine, the Royal Artillery. the Royal Engineers, the Royal Army Service Corps, the Royal Army Medical Corps and the Yeomanry.
Most symbolic of all perhaps is the carved Pelican
above the
Porch piercing her breast for drops of blood to feed her young, to remind us of the self sacrifice of those commemorated here. So remember too that these works were created by Scottish craftsmen, in homage to Scottish sons and daughters, husbands, wives and lovers and is no less than a Memorial to Scotland
itself.
When you go home, tell them of us and say
`For your tomorrows these gave their today `.
John Maxwell Evans 1875 – 1958.
Reveille, part of the
Royal Marine Memorial.
Two poems by Wilfred Owen
The Green Fields of
France by Eric Bogle
Images enhanced from tinted photographs in “The Scottish National War
Memorial” Introduced by Gen. Sir Ian Hamilton (1932).
